It produces a sound many musicians refer to as "blanketed." 2. Adding the fourth and fifth to this changes the sound to an "open horn" like character. Since the loud signals can be recorded at higher levels, the softer signals are also louder, so they are not lost in tape hiss and they effectively give the tube sound greater clarity, recordings made with vacuum-tube preamplifiers will have more apparent level and a greater signal to system noise ratio than recordings made with transistors or operational amplifiers, ©, Learn about the Wavestream Kinetics Archival Phono Stage, Tubes versus Transistors: Is There An Audible Difference, Characteristics highly independent of temperature, greatly simplifies biasing, Device capacitances vary only slightly with signal voltages, Capacitive coupling can be done with low-value, high-quality film capacitors, Circuit designs tend to be simpler than semiconductor equivalents, Operation is usually in Class A or AB, which minimizes crossover distortion, Output transformer in power amp protects speaker from tube failure, Maintenance tends to be easier because user can replace tubes, Bulky, hence less suitable for portable products, High power consumption, needs heater supply, Lower power efficiency than transistors in small-signal circuits, Low-cost glass tubes are physically fragile, Cathode electron-emitting materials are used up in operation, resulting in, High-impedance devices that usually need a matching transformer for low impedance loads, like speakers, Usually higher cost than equivalent transistors, Usually lower cost than tubes, especially in small-signal circuits, Can be combined in one die to make integrated circuit, Lower power consumption than equivalent tubes, especially in small-signal circuits, Can operate on low-voltage supplies, greater safety, lower component costs, smaller clearances, Matching transformers not required for low-impedance loads, Usually more physical ruggedness than tubes (depends on chassis construction), Device capacitances tend to vary with applied voltages, Large unit-to-unit variations in key parameters, such as gain and threshold voltage, Device parameters vary considerably with temperature, complicating biasing and raising the possibility of thermal runaway, Cooling is less efficient than with tubes, because lower operating temperature is required for reliability, Power MOSFETs have high input capacitances that very with voltage, Class B totem-pole circuits are common, which can result in crossover distortion, Less tolerant of overloads and voltage spikes than tubes, Nearly all transistor power amplifiers have directly-coupled outputs and can damage speakers, even with active protection, Capacitive coupling usually requires high-value electrolytic capacitors, which give inferior performance at audio-frequency extremes, Maintenance more difficult; devices are not easily replaced by user, Older transistors and ICs often unavailable after 20 years, making replacement difficult or impossible. Since the early 1980s, many researchers have worked on the development of different types of digital amplifiers that directly perform power amplification from digital speech data without the need for analog conversion.
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