Minami Aso Village, which lies between Aso Mountains and Aso Caldera, was devastated by the Kumamoto mainshock. Typically, five damage severities were considered: no damage, slight damage, moderate damage, heavy damage, and destruction. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. For the estimation procedure outlined in Bhattacharya and Goda (2013), intra-event spatial correlation of ground motion residuals needs to be evaluated (Goda and Hong, 2008). Active Fault Database of Japan. The Boore et al. Figure 5 shows observed acceleration as well as velocity time-histories (three components) at KMMH16 for the foreshock and mainshock. The observations also highlight the consequences of cascading geological hazards on community resilience. Bull. In the plain areas of Kumamoto, several sections of Kyushu Expressway (bridges and road surface cracks) were damaged due to the earthquakes, resulting in major disruption of the regional traffic network. These results are useful for estimating ground motion parameters at unobserved locations. Moreover, detailed damage surveys were conducted in Mashiki Town and Minami Aso Village to investigate the key contributing factors in the earthquake damage. The road pavements were destroyed due to compressional forces. The majority of the buildings that had suffered a soft-story collapse had predominantly deformed/collapsed in the EW direction (more toward west), approximately parallel with Road 28 (e.g., Figures 13A,B). A partial view of Japanese post-Kobe seismic design and construction practices. View all This coincides with the major response axes of the ground motion experienced in Mashiki Town (Figure 8). 75, 1135–1154. By focusing on the amplitudes of the responses (i.e., size of the response curve), Figure 8 shows that intense ground motions due to the mainshock were observed over wide areas along the Futagawa and Hinagu faults. Tag: 2016 kumamoto earthquakes Natural disasters and Super GT. The observed ground motions for the mainshock are generally consistent with the predicted values based on the Boore et al. For up-to-date earthquake … On April 14 and 16, 2016, two consecutive earthquakes with a peak seismic intensity of 7, unprecedented in Kumamoto’s recorded history, occurred in Kumamoto, causing the most serious damage to the area ever recorded. The comparison of the response spectra indicates: (i) amplitudes of the response spectra are large, exceeding 1 g up to a period of about 1 s for the foreshock and about 2 s for the mainshock; (ii) generally site amplification is significant for all three components; (iii) horizontal motions are amplified in a period range between 0 s (i.e., PGA) and about 2–3 s, while vertical motions are significantly amplified at vibration periods less than 0.5 s. Figure 6. To understand the earthquake damage characteristics in Mashiki Town, a detailed damage survey was conducted near the Mashiki town office (note: JMA recording station was installed at the town office, which recorded the JMA intensity of 7 during the foreshock and mainshock). Figure 16. These data are valuable in reconstructing the rupture processes of the earthquakes via rigorous inversion analysis. The surveys were carried out by two people to minimize the misassignment of the building damage grade. The eastern segment of the Futagawa fault traverses across Nishihara Village. Both registered the maximum intensity … The earthquake sequence also triggered several moderate earthquakes (and some damage) at remote locations, such as Yufu City and Kokonoe Town in Oita Prefecture (about 60 km NE of Mashiki Town). Articles, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Active Fault Loaction of … This indicates that site amplification for short-period components is significantly influenced by near-surface soil characteristics, while that for longer period components is more coherent at ground surface and borehole. (1997). Bull. The analyses of regional seismic catalog and available strong motion recordings reveal striking characteristics of the events, such as migrating seismicity, earthquake surface rupture, and major foreshock-mainshock earthquake sequences. Share. Characteristics of foreshock-mainshock and mainshock-aftershock sequences: (A) Gutenberg–Richter models and (B) modified Omori models. 11, 205–239. Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Res. The preceding hazard information (i.e., earthquake rupture potential of the Hinagu and Futagawa fault systems) has been utilized by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion in developing a wide range of probabilistic seismic hazard maps in Japan.6 One type of seismic hazard maps display the probability of experiencing a certain shaking intensity in a 30-year period by taking into account all possible seismic sources surrounding a site of interest. Numerous surface ruptures were observed in Mashiki Town (Shirahama et al., 2016). Univ. This section mainly focuses on infrastructure damage along Road 28 between Oogiribata bridge and Tawarayama tunnel. Near the KMM008 station (Location 2 in Figure 11A), no significant building damage was observed, except for the Uto city office, a 5-story reinforced concrete (RC) building (Figure 12D). The building stock in the Kumamoto region was not particularly resistant to intense ground shaking, resulting in the destruction and damage of more than 8,000 houses and 120,000 houses, respectively (as of 1 July 2016). ... 16 April 2016. Only earthquakes with ≥10 casualties are shown. 97, 1525–1538. Irikura, K., and Miyake, H. (2011). 11, 141–170. Luxembourg: Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, 99. The surface fault ruptures were observed in the paddy fields of Mashiki Town. Larger Mj 7.3 event on the Futagawa Fault is mainshock (16 Apr, 2016). Koketsu, K. (2016) Epicenters of major damaging earthquakes in and around the Japanese islands. ground motion model, and spatial correlation coefficient (i.e., 0.5), response spectra at Kumamoto port are estimated. Seismol. model, Vs30 is set to 300 m/s. The work is funded by the EPSRC grant (EP/I01778X/1) for the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT). Some damage to port facilities was observed (e.g., overpass steel bridge at the ferry terminal). The analytical formulae allow the estimation of NS, EW, and UD components of ground surface deformation. The 2016 Kumamoto disasters were caused by multiple cascading geological hazards. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! (F) Collapse of Aso Shrine (location 14 in region 3). Using the geometry and slip distribution of a finite-fault model, elastic deformation due to an earthquake can be calculated using Okada (1985) equations. Seismol. THE KUMAMOTO EARTHQUAKE AND SUBSEQUENT MEDICAL RESPONSE. (B) Fault surface rupture at the crest of Oogiribata dam (location 8 in region 2). The division of the datasets is intended for studying the temporal changes of the site response related to soil non-linearity during the Kumamoto foreshock–mainshock–aftershock sequence [e.g., Sawazaki et al. Region 1 includes Kumamoto City and Uto City (i.e., urban areas in the Kumamoto plain); Region 2 includes Mashiki Town and Nishihara Village (i.e., rural areas outside of Aso Caldera), which are very close to the Futagawa fault and were shaken intensely during the mainshock; and Region 3 includes Minami Aso Village and Aso City, which are inside of Aso Caldera. (D) Damage to Oogiribata bridge (location 8 in region 2). Beginning in April 2016, a series of shallow, moderate to large earthquakes with associated strong aftershocks struck the Kumamoto area of Kyushu, SW Japan. Available at http://www.fdma.go.jp/bn/2016/, Fraser, S., Pomonis, A., Raby, A., Goda, K., Chian, S. C., Macabuag, J., et al. More than 180,000 people evacuated immediately after the mainshock. Influential factors of the earthquake damage occurrence include the construction material (timber versus steel/RC), construction age (old versus modern constructions), geological/geographical condition (e.g., proximity to rivers). (2016). Subsequently, the mainshock occurred on the southern tip of the Futagawa fault, and triggered an even more active subsequence of aftershocks (Figures 2E,F). Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. For example, the Geospatial Institute of Japan (GSI) (2016) developed finite-fault models for the Kumamoto foreshock and mainshock based on GEONET GPS observations. Figure 5. Bull. Figure 17C shows Choyo bridge, located in the Tateno district (downstream of Aso bridge along Kurokawa river); the abutment of the bridge had subsided significantly (even visible in Figure 17C). Raw trace data (no filtering is made) are shown. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 10;7(1):4945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04992-z. Moreover, a field investigation was conducted at Kumamoto port (Location 4 in Figure 11A). The Futagawa fault stretches from the outskirt of Aso Caldera to Uto Peninsula (Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, 2016). The KMM006 station was located in a residential area. Santucci de Magistris, F., Lanzano, G., Forte, G., and Fabbrocino, G. (2013). The source-to-site distance for the Boore et al. Am. These are examples of the compounding disaster chain caused by the earthquakes and heavy rain. Damage survey results in the Kurokawa district of Minami Aso village. The collected earthquake damage data (i.e., geocoded pictures) of the 2016 Kumamoto EEFIT mission can be obtained from the supplementary information accompanying this paper (i.e., Google Earth kmz file). Okumura, K. (2016). Another important factor appeared to be the proximity to rivers (see Figure 15). Statistical relations between the parameters of aftershocks in time, space, and magnitude. Ground motion characteristics and shaking damage of the 11th March 2011 Mw9.0 Great East Japan earthquake. Following the mainshock rupture, postseismic deformation has been observed, as well as expansion of the seismicity front toward the southwest and northwest. Earthq. Comparison of the observed and estimated ground deformations at the Kumamoto and Choyo GPS stations for the mainshock. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes happened on April 14−16, 2016 near Kumamoto Prefecture in southern Japan.A foreshock of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale happened on the evening of April 14 at 21:26 Japan Standard Time.The main earthquake happened at 1:25 am JST with a magnitude of 7.0 on April 16.. A total of 48 people died in the two earthquakes. In the Kurokawa district, a detailed damage survey was carried out; the survey was led by the Kyoto University group. Okada, Y. The results are shown in Figures 7B–D; the borehole-to-surface spectral ratio curves are categorized into four groups, i.e., foreshock, events that occurred between the foreshock and the mainshock, mainshock, and events that occurred after the mainshock. Focal mechanisms for the earthquake indicate slip occurred on either a left-lateral fault striking to the northwest, or on a right-lateral fault striking northeast. (C) Collapsed RC temple near the Mashiki town office (location 5 in region 2). Evaluation of the Futagawa and Hinagu Fault Zones. model is developed using worldwide ground motion data for shallow crustal earthquakes (including ground motion data from Japanese earthquakes) and hence is well suited for such comparison. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes (Japanese: 平成28年熊本地震, Hepburn: Heisei 28-nen Kumamoto jishin) were a series of earthquakes, including a magnitude 7.0 main shock which struck at 01:25 JST on April 16, 2016 (16:25 UTC on April 15) beneath Kumamoto City of Kumamoto Prefecture in Kyushu Region, Japan, at a depth of about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and a foreshock earthquake with a magnitude 6.2 at 21:26 JST (12:26 UTC) on April 14, 2016, at a depth of about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi). The EEFIT members thank Prof Shinji Toda and Ms Zoe Mildon for sharing the information on the surface rupture locations. Several high-rise buildings suffered earthquake damage, such as diagonal shear cracks that were visible from a distance. The earthquake damage surveys focused on locations near the fault rupture zone of the mainshock, i.e., Mashiki Town, Nishihara Village, and Minami Aso Village. Earthq. Utsu T. (1982) Catalog of large earthquakes in the region of Japan from 1885 through 1980. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake took place in a high-velocity and low-σ zone in the upper crust, which is surrounded and underlain by low-velocity and high-σ anomalies in the upper mantle. For the vertical component (Figure 7D), very consistent site amplification is observed at periods less than 1.0 s, while the surface-to-borehole spectral ratios become more variable at longer periods. Built Environ. The Pawnee earthquake as a result of the interplay among injection, faults and foreshocks. This section mainly focuses on infrastructure and facilities is anticipated between ground surface motions are presented Figure. Through 1980 doi:10.1785/0120070007, Wu, C., Peng, Z., and Atkinson, G. ( )... To be 200 m/s ) were also close to the intense seismicity released the accumulated energy. Primary damage was due to the creation of new fracture networks by the mainshock at KMMH16 earthquake. 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