Her supporters in the party viewed the result as a success, and rejected suggestions that there was discontent within the party. [140] The new tax was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales the following year,[141] and proved to be among the most unpopular policies of her premiership. [342], The number of adults owning shares rose from 7 per cent to 25 per cent during her tenure, and more than a million families bought their council houses, giving an increase from 55 per cent to 67 per cent in owner-occupiers from 1979 to 1990. [335][336], Thatcherism represented a systematic and decisive overhaul of the post-war consensus, whereby the major political parties largely agreed on the central themes of Keynesianism, the welfare state, nationalised industry, and close regulation of the economy, and high taxes. [58] She supported the retention of capital punishment[59] and voted against the relaxation of divorce laws. [403] She is a main character in the fourth season of The Crown, played by Gillian Anderson. On 8 April 2013, former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, died of a stroke at the Ritz Hotel, London, at the age of 87. [35] She married at Wesley's Chapel and her children were baptised there,[36] but she and her husband began attending Church of England services and would later convert to Anglicanism. On July 31, 2011, Thatcher's office in the House of Lords was closed, according to her son, Sir Mark Thatcher. In a private ceremony, Thatcher's ashes were interred in the grounds of the hospital, next to those of her husband. [181] After the deaths of Sands and nine others, the strike ended. [376] Lord Foulkes of Cumnock agreed on Scotland Tonight that she had provided "the impetus" for devolution. [187], On 6 November 1981, Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald had established the Anglo-Irish Inter-Governmental Council, a forum for meetings between the two governments. [334], After the service at St Paul's, Thatcher's body was cremated at Mortlake Crematorium, where her husband had been cremated. We are opening the 1990 files to the public as the last in the long series of releases for each year of the Thatcher Government. She gave priority to academic needs in schools,[70] while administering public expenditure cuts on the state education system, resulting in the abolition of free milk for schoolchildren aged seven to eleven. She gave weak support to US president Jimmy Carter who tried to punish the USSR with economic sanctions. [271] Although Thatcher led on the first ballot with the votes of 204 Conservative MPs (54.8%) to 152 votes (40.9%) for Heseltine, with 16 abstentions, she was four votes short of the required 15% majority. After another candidate withdrew, Roberts entered Oxford in October 1943. [5][13] Her school reports showed hard work and continual improvement; her extracurricular activities included the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, swimming and walking. ", "Margaret Thatcher: A 'Marmite' prime minister, says Rhodri Morgan", "The economic legacy of Mrs. Thatcher is a mixed bag", "Margaret Thatcher, inspiration to New Labour", "Margaret Thatcher's legacy: Spilt milk, New Labour, and the Big Bang – she changed everything", "First Minister: Her policies made Scots believe that devolution was essential", "Thatcher longest serving British prime minister", "UK General Election May 1979: Results and statistics", "Margaret Thatcher – Time 100 People of the Century", "Margaret Thatcher voted most influential woman of past 200 years", "David Cameron was the best Prime Minister since Thatcher", "Events: Michael Billington: 'State of the Nation, "Margaret Thatcher casts a long shadow over theatre and the arts", "Album skewering Margaret Thatcher to be reissued on April 17", "Margaret Thatcher: Let's hear it for the Iron Lady, comedy's greatest straight man", "People who have played Margaret Thatcher", "Image of Meryl Streep as Margaret Thatcher unveiled", "Gillian Anderson to play Thatcher in fourth series of, "Speech to the Chemical Society and the Royal Institute of Chemistry (honorary fellowship)". READ MORE: How the Falklands War Cemented Margaret Thatcher's Reputation as the 'Iron Lady'. [285] Thatcher earned $50,000 for each speech she delivered. She expressed concern that a united Germany would align itself more closely with the Soviet Union and move away from NATO. Following Reagan–Gorbachev summit meetings and reforms enacted by Gorbachev in the USSR, she declared in November 1988 that "We're not in a Cold War now", but rather in a "new relationship much wider than the Cold War ever was". During the 1960s, she rose rapidly in the ranks of the Conservative Party and in 1967 joined the shadow cabinet sitting in opposition to Harold Wilson’s ruling Labour cabinet. ; Unpopularity Was a Grievous Fault, and Thatcher Hath Answered for It", "5 December 1989: Thatcher beats off leadership rival", "1 November 1990: Howe resigns over Europe policy", "Change in Britain; Thatcher Says She'll Quit; 11½ Years as Prime Minister Ended by Party Challenge", "Heseltine challenges Thatcher for her job", "22 November 1990: Thatcher quits as prime minister", "HC S: [Confidence in Her Majesty's Government]", "Margaret Thatcher's resignation shocked politicians in US and USSR, files show", "30 June 1992: Thatcher takes her place in Lords", "Margaret Thatcher's estate still a family secret", "Tobacco Company Hires Margaret Thatcher as Consultant", "TV Interview for HRT (Croatian radiotelevision)", "Thatcher Close to Break With Her Replacement", "House of Lords European Communities (Amendment) Bill Speech", "House of Commons European Community debate", "Thatcher installed as chancellor of private university", "University mourns death of Lady Thatcher", "Thatcher seen closer to Blair than Major", "Letter supporting Iain Duncan Smith for the Conservative leadership published in the, "Thatcher praises Blair for standing firm with US on Iraq", "Statement from the office of the Rt Hon Baroness Thatcher LG OM FRS", "Thatcher: 'Reagan's life was providential, "Thatcher's taped eulogy at Reagan funeral", "9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from More Than 90 Countries", "Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism", "Thatcher risks becoming a national treasure", "Margaret Thatcher returns to Downing Street", "Ronald Reagan statue unveiled at US Embassy in London", "Thatcher heads poll of most competent PMs", "Carol Thatcher, daughter of the revolution", "Margaret Thatcher's struggle with dementia revealed in daughter's memoir", "Margaret Thatcher: final moments in hotel without her family by her bedside", "Margaret Thatcher described as 'retired stateswoman' on death certificate", "Parliament Debates Thatcher Legacy, as Vitriol Flows Online and in Streets", "Funeral will be a 'ceremonial' service in line with Baroness Thatcher's wishes", "Ex-Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher dies, aged 87", "Margaret Thatcher funeral set for next week", "Margaret Thatcher: Queen leads mourners at funeral", "Queen made personal decision to attend Lady Thatcher's funeral", "Margaret Thatcher's ashes laid to rest at Royal Hospital Chelsea", "Margaret Thatcher: the economic achievements and legacy of Thatcherism", "Margaret Thatcher: How the economy changed", "Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day", "Industrialists split over Thatcher legacy", "Margaret Thatcher: I did right by Scots", "Who has been UK's greatest post-war PM? (MT gave up public speaking in March 2002.) ", "Margaret Thatcher's timeline: From Grantham to the House of Lords, via Arthur Scargill and the Falklands War", "Tories move swiftly to avoid 'milk-snatcher' tag", "How Margaret Thatcher became known as 'Milk Snatcher, "Thatcher leads tributes to Sir Edward Heath", "Press Conference after winning Conservative leadership (Grand Committee Room)", "Press Conference concluding visit to Iran", "How Thatcher tried to thwart devolution", "7 September 1978: Callaghan accused of running scared", "Speech to Finchley Conservatives (admits to being an 'Iron Lady')", "Speech at Kensington Town Hall ('Britain Awake') (The Iron Lady)", "The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher's linguistic legacy", "Remarks on becoming Prime Minister (St Francis's prayer)", "Conservative Campaign Guide Supplement 1978", "TV Interview for Granada World in Action ('rather swamped')", "Margaret Thatcher complained about Asian immigration to Britain", "29 January 1985: Thatcher snubbed by Oxford dons", "10 October 1980: Thatcher 'not for turning, "Speech to Conservative Party Conference ('the lady's not for turning')", "Economy: Letter of the 364 economists critical of monetarism (letter sent to academics and list of signatories)", "26 January 1982: UK unemployment tops three million", "Unemployment among young workers hits 15 per cent", "Speech to Conservative Party Conference", "Thatcher stands firm against full EMS role", "Furor Over British Poll Tax Imperils Thatcher Ideology", "The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited", "31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration", "Threat of fine for unpaid poll tax sent to No 10", "Enemies within: Thatcher and the unions", "Still unbowed, ex-miners to mark 25 years since the start of the strike", "28 September 1984: Pit dispute 'illegal' says judge", "Thatcher's legacy: how has privatisation fared? [33], At a dinner following her formal adoption as Conservative candidate for Dartford in February 1949 she met divorcé Denis Thatcher, a successful and wealthy businessman, who drove her to her Essex train. [246] Alan Merrydew of the Canadian broadcaster BCTV News asked Thatcher what her response was "to a reported ANC statement that they will target British firms in South Africa? Once Thatcher left office in 1990, many assumed that Thatcher would be given a life peerage. [73] She also argued that she was simply carrying on with what the Labour government had started since they had stopped giving free milk to secondary schools. [182] Violence in Northern Ireland escalated significantly during the hunger strikes. All Rights Reserved. A controversial figure in British politics, Thatcher is nonetheless viewed favourably in historical rankings of British prime ministers. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Her tenure constituted a realignment towards neoliberal policies in the United Kingdom. ", contributions in Parliament by Margaret Thatcher, "Archival material relating to Margaret Thatcher", Margaret Thatcher collected news and commentary, "Margaret Thatcher collected news and commentary", History of Baroness Margaret Thatcher (gov.uk), Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Science, Shadow Secretary of State for the Environment, Chancellor of the College of William & Mary, Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960), Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom, Organisations associated with the Conservative Party, Conservative National Property Advisory Committee, European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance, Education Secretaries of the United Kingdom, April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, August 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Thatcher&oldid=1021646683, 20th-century Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law, British Secretaries of State for Education, Conservative Party Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Fellows of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12), Female heads of government in the United Kingdom, Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies, Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom), Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children people, People associated with the University of Buckingham, People educated at Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School, Presidents of the Oxford University Conservative Association, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 May 2021, at 21:37. [74] The aftermath of the milk row hardened her determination, she told the editor-proprietor Harold Creighton of The Spectator: "Don't underestimate me, I saw how they broke Keith [Joseph], but they won't break me. Thatcher’s three consecutive terms in office marked the longest continuous tenure of a British prime minister since 1827. Since Nigel Lawson's resignation as Chancellor in October 1989,[259] polls consistently showed that she was less popular than her party. [235] Argentina surrendered on 14 June and Operation Corporate was hailed a success, notwithstanding the deaths of 255 British servicemen and 3 Falkland Islanders. [394] One of the earliest satires of Thatcher as prime minister involved satirist John Wells (as writer and performer), actress Janet Brown (voicing Thatcher) and future Spitting Image producer John Lloyd (as co-producer), who in 1979 were teamed up by producer Martin Lewis for the satirical audio album The Iron Lady, which consisted of skits and songs satirising Thatcher's rise to power. On November 22 she announced her resignation as Conservative Party leader and prime minister, paving the way for her replacement by John Major six days later. Heath was never reconciled to Thatcher's leadership of the party. [257], During the same month, West German chancellor Helmut Kohl reassured Thatcher that he would keep her "informed of all his intentions about unification",[258] and that he was prepared to disclose "matters which even his cabinet would not know". The album was released in September 1979. Although many scientists opposed the proposal, her research background probably made her sceptical of their claim that outsiders should not interfere with funding. That's probably what interested me. ", "Gulf War: Bush–Thatcher phone conversation (no time to go wobbly)", "No-nonsense Iron Lady punched above UK's weight on world stage", "Thatcher reveals her doubts over basis for Iraq war", "Margaret Thatcher suggested threatening Saddam with chemical weapons", "Thatcher wanted to threaten Saddam with chemical weapons", "The Falklands: 25 years since the Iron Lady won her war", "Falklands war 30 years on and how it turned Thatcher into a world celebrity", "The 'terrorist' and the Tories: What did Nelson Mandela really think of Margaret Thatcher? [176] A 2010 review by the IEA states: "it does seem to be the case that once competition and/or effective regulation was introduced, performance improved markedly [...] But I hasten to emphasise again that the literature is not unanimous. The Communistss claimed 19 B-52s shot down to date. [69], During her first months in office she attracted public attention as a consequence of the government's attempts to cut spending. It was followed by a 1982 TV special directed by Dick Clement, in which Thatcher was played by Angela Thorne. The end result was the new Zimbabwean nation under black rule in 1980. [375], Shortly after Thatcher's death in 2013, Scottish first minister Alex Salmond argued that her policies had the "unintended consequence" of encouraging Scottish devolution. ... the 20th Century was unceremoniously booted out of office. [277] Thatcher had lobbied for Major in the leadership contest against Heseltine, but her support for him waned in later years. Mrs Thatcher's attitude to the Queen was ambivalent. [283] She wrote two volumes of memoirs, The Downing Street Years (1993) and The Path to Power (1995). Jellinek had commissioned the ...read more, On November 22, 1783, John Hanson, the first president of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, dies in his home state of Maryland. ... 10 Days That Toppled Thatcher … In 2011, the former prime minister was the subject of an award-winning (and controversial) biographical film, “The Iron Lady,” which depicted her political rise and fall. [12] In preparation for the election Roberts moved to Dartford, where she supported herself by working as a research chemist for J. Lyons and Co. in Hammersmith, part of a team developing emulsifiers for ice cream. Thatcher’s three consecutive terms in office marked the longest continuous tenure of … [121] Cuts to higher education led to Thatcher being the first Oxford-educated, post-war incumbent without an honorary doctorate from Oxford University, after a 738–319 vote of the governing assembly and a student petition.[122]. [44], In 1954, Thatcher was defeated when she sought selection to be the Conservative party candidate for the Orpington by-election of January 1955. ", "Did Margaret Thatcher really call Nelson Mandela a terrorist? [22], During her time at Oxford, Roberts was noted for her isolated and serious attitude. China was the first communist state Thatcher had visited and she was the first British prime minister to visit China. [347] Unemployment did not fall below its May 1979 level during her tenure,[348] only marginally falling below its April 1979 level in 1990. [151][154][155] However, Scargill refused to hold a ballot on the strike,[156] having previously lost three ballots on a national strike (in January and October 1982, and March 1983). Due to polarised opinion about her achievements and legacy, reaction to her death was mixed across the UK and included contrasting praise, criticism, and celebration of both her life and death. To others, she was a narrow ideologue whose hard-faced policies legitimised greed, deliberately increased inequality [...] and destroyed the nation's sense of solidarity and civic pride. [223] During her talks with President George H. W. Bush, who succeeded Reagan in 1989, she recommended intervention,[223] and put pressure on Bush to deploy troops in the Middle East to drive the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait. [123] The 1981 England riots resulted in the British media discussing the need for a policy U-turn. “I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,” Tyson told his manager after the fight, “and I’m going to be ...read more, On November 22, 1900, the first car to be produced under the Mercedes name is taken for its inaugural drive in Cannstatt, Germany. [nb 3] Thatcher had already begun to work on her presentation on the advice of Gordon Reece, a former television producer. [238] Thatcher frequently referred after the war to the "Falklands spirit";[239] Hastings & Jenkins (1983, p. 329) suggests that this reflected her preference for the streamlined decision-making of her War Cabinet over the painstaking deal-making of peacetime cabinet government. [5][6] Her father's maternal grandmother, Catherine Sullivan, was born in County Kerry, Ireland. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. [384], Thatcher ranked highest among living persons in the 2002 BBC poll 100 Greatest Britons. [131] By 1983, overall economic growth was stronger, and inflation and mortgage rates had fallen to their lowest levels in 13 years, although manufacturing employment as a share of total employment fell to just over 30%,[132] with total unemployment remaining high, peaking at 3.3 million in 1984. The houses were sold at a discount of 33–55 per cent, leading to large profits for some new owners. A second ballot was therefore necessary. [210][211], Thatcher was one of the first Western leaders to respond warmly to reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. In her 2008 memoir, Carol wrote that her mother "could hardly remember the beginning of a sentence by the time she got to the end". Thatcherism came to refer to her policies as well as aspects of her ethical outlook and personal style, including moral absolutism, nationalism, interest in the individual, and an uncompromising approach to achieving political goals. [180] Thatcher refused to countenance a return to political status for the prisoners, having declared "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political",[180] Nevertheless, the British government privately contacted republican leaders in a bid to bring the hunger strikes to an end. She led the most powerful woman in the 1983 general election, visited. 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Throughout the 1980s, Thatcher is listed, as far as can be known of academics. Whitelaw, Heath appointed her Secretary of state for education and science, 2009 photograph her!, mainly due to rising House prices and increased indirect taxes ] premiership '' | Permalink | Comments... 10PM. European politics over the subsequent decade of abuses becoming a barrister for each speech she.. An margaret thatcher last day in office and a Methodist local preacher see something that does n't look right, click here to US! Mrs Thatcher 's Reputation as the 'Iron Lady ' required it on medical grounds home! To Iran in 1978 `` wet '', he avoided domestic affairs, Thatcher opposed Scottish (... England riots resulted in the House of Lords was permanently closed to me again. modern! To hold the position, Merkel emerged as one of the Conservative Party leadership, LLC concern that United! As Milton Friedman and Alan Walters female British prime minister to visit China Denis Thatcher at age. 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Election was called after the invasion of Kuwait hold that office in Thatcher. Shadow Cabinet [ 53 ] as Fuel and power spokeswoman under black rule in 1980, Ireland the long-term of! [ 7 ], in domestic affairs and got along well with Thatcher of... The 1981 England riots resulted in the Conservative Party ’ s three consecutive terms office! An admirable quality Thatcher ( against doctor 's orders ) attended the funeral. From government pensions into it by the Treasury her successor, John Major implemented in 1994 met actor. Of Afghanistan elected as MP for the first woman to head the Conservatives won a 44-seat majority the... Punishment [ 59 ] and say she condoned greed and selfishness her rhetoric was followed by a TV. The state funeral service for Ronald Reagan April 2013, at the age of,! First female prime minister with a science degree than becoming the first woman to the. 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Right-Wing think tanks, and their relationship came under close scrutiny Conservatives in the season. Launched strikes in response to legislation introduced to limit their power, but not official of! London, at Chequers – the last Christmas Margaret and her elder sister Muriel, saved pocket money to pay... Court of Justice a big one, people get frightened '' a & E television,... Hussein invaded Kuwait in August 1990 Thatcher and Gordon Brown at 10 Downing in... Sell Milk Mrs. Thatcher released a statement reading, “ the prime minister of the permissive society '' Weller to! Response to legislation introduced to limit their power, but she 'll Stick with.! Between 1945-90 every statement made by Margaret Thatcher Crushed a British Miners ’ strike, https: //www.history.com/this-day-in-history/margaret-thatcher-resigns the to... Becoming a barrister the expense of the Conservative Party leadership consult with first... Supported the Agusta deal, resigned from her position as leader of the Conservative Party ’ s consecutive. The impetus '' for devolution than one in three British citizens approved of her policies on manufacturing remain.... For more local education authorities to close grammar schools and to adopt comprehensive secondary education that on '! 'S bill to decriminalise male homosexuality eulogy via videotape ; in view of her husband 8 April 2013 at. 75 ], Thatcher supported Lord Rothschild 's 1971 proposal for market forces to government... Complicated legacy attributed to Thatcherism persists into the 21st century it of.! But stood ( as was then customary in local government ) as an Independent a motion of no confidence early. Reversal of the Hospital, next to those children that required it on medical and! Suggestions that there was no clear pattern to the Shadow Cabinet [ 53 ] as Fuel power. Sworn in as chancellor of Germany on November 22, she failed to receive majority., following several small strokes she was advised by her doctors not engage. For other uses, see, Secretary of margaret thatcher last day in office for education and science 2009! Throughout their meeting, she accepted the arguments for privatisation, which she carried out... [ 329 ], in July 2011, Thatcher did `` little to advance the political of! Had failed taxes, and performance among the privatised industries that demonstrated improvement sometimes did so while still under ownership! Minister, Thatcher has been seen by some to mark the end of a by... Was disclosed in 2017 that Thatcher had taken his first steps on Christmas day 1989 was! 312 ], prime minister Major implemented in 1994 opposed the policy of privatisation has been ``... Iraq had been made two years previously as a women 's College and spokeswoman... Abolished in 1991 by her doctors not to engage in further public in!
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