earthquake. If the average depth of the footing base is about 8 meters, then from the Critical N graph (Figure 12) we see that the Critical blow count at a depth of 8m would be 12. Although most engineering research was oriented towards identifying the susceptibility of soils to liquefaction, soil improvement techniques were also developed. The black star is the epicenter of the M j 5.9 aftershock that occurred immediately after the 1964 Niigata earthquake (redetermined by Miyaoka et al. Liquefaction During the 1964 Niigata Earthquake Introduction. This was in a coastal area near the small town of Niigata, on the coast of Honshu (the main Japanese island). K. Harada; S. Yasuda (2014), "MEASURES DEVELOPED IN JAPAN AFTER THE 1964 NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE TO COUNTER THE LIQUEFACTION OF SOIL," https://datacenterhub.org/resources/13195. In order to find the liquefaction potential or cyclic strength of the soils, cyclic triaxial tests were performed. During the Niigata earthquake of June 16, 1964, extensive damage to engineering structures occurred as a result of liquefaction of the sandy soil on which they were supported. totally destroyed the port of Niigata. June 1964 earthquake in Japan. The cyclic stress ratio was found from acceleration data. Soils and Foundations, 6(2), 38-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1960.6.2_38, Ohsaki, Y. Full Text PDF [2442K] Abstracts References(8) Cited-By(5) Detailed soil investigations were conducted by means of … As seen in Figure 4, the first 11 meters were made up of medium sand and the layer from 11m to 20m depth consisted of medium fine sand. Figures 6,7 and 8 are cyclic triaxial test strength curves where the cyclic stress ratio is plotted against the number of cycles. Koizumi, Y. The second site, Kawagishi-cho, was composed of non-engineered fill that had not been compacted. The 16 June 1964 Niigata earthquake is well known as the earthquake during which liquefaction caused serious damage to structures and is thus important in geotechni-cal engineering. (2000, January 27). Located some 55 km from 16 June 1964. The destruction was observed to be largely limited to buildings that were founded on top ofloose, saturated soil deposits. 1964 Niigata earthquake, Japan. Since the sand past 5 meters was too dense, no samples beyond this depth were obtained. Even though about 2000 houses were totally destroyed, Located some 55km from the epicentre, the Showa Bridge which crosses the Shinano River was one of the worst instances of damage (Figure 1). The Niigata Earthquake occurred on the 14th of June 1964 and registered a moment magnitude of 7.6. What was even more unique was that many of the affected buildings had no damage to their superstructure! 1964 Niigata earthquake. Niigata Prefecture, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Soils and Foundations, 6(1), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1960.6.1, Yoshimi, Y., & Tokimatsu, K. (1977). Despite the extreme tilting, the buildings themselves suffered The total length of the bridge was about 307m. The Niigata earthquake of June 16, 1964 had Simulation results provide a … 1964 earthquakeA 7.5 magnitude earthquakeAn earthquakemagnitude 7.6 earthquakeNiigata earthquakequake on June 16, 1964. (1966). The factor of safety can then be calculated by dividing the cyclic strength by the cyclic stress ratio. The destruction was observed to be largely limited to buildings that were founded on top of However, after using contour lines to plot the “lower limits of the liquefaction zone,” an important finding was that damage at the surface (overturning and tilting of buildings) would only occur if the sand layer was larger than a certain limit. Effect of soil liquefaction after the 1964 Niigata earthquake Objectives. In the analysis, using time histories of ground displacement and excess pore water pressure calculated, the authors conduct an elasto-plastic analysis of a pile subjected to external force from ground displacement. loose, saturated soil deposits. Aside from sand eruptions, liquefaction of the sand induced large horizontal displacements. Vibro-flotation requires lowering a vibrating probe into granular soil in order to densify the particles. The phenomena of soil liquefaction and its caused damage were recognized from an engineering viewpoint for the first time at the time of the 1964 Niigata earthquake. The collapse of the Showa Bridge was one of thedamages caused by theearthquake thatattract-ed considerable attention (Fig. The void ratio at this moment is the “critical void ratio for vibration” (Koizumi). If the ground surface was relatively flat but the liquefied layer was angled, then the direction of displacement would be determined by that slope. The yellow star is the epicenter of the 1964 Niigata earthquake. To prevent liquefaction, the “probe is raised and lowered in a grid pattern.” The other 5 techniques were developed and improved in the decades after Niigata, but were not direct results of this earthquake. only 28 lives were lost As a result, the soil loses most of its shearing resistance and behaves like a liquid (Johansson). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://depts.washington.edu/liquefy/html/main.html, Kawakami, F., & Asada, A. fissures were observed at various sites in Niigata. The death toll of this earthquake was over 200. Poor 10 Yachiyo Bridge, 1964 Niigata earthquake (Hamada, 1992a,b) 11 8 0.3 m dia. A study by Kenji Ishihara took soil samples from two different sites that were near the Niigata City acceleration recording station; one had experienced significant liquefaction and the other one was relatively undisturbed. Currently, there are six types of soil improvement: compaction, solidification, replacement, groundwater lowering, drainage, and shear deformation control (Yasada, 2014). (2008, September 24). The infamous Niigata earthquake occured on June 16, 1964. 16, 1964 - Earthquake disaster in Niigata Japan: The city of Niigata is a blazing shambles after the severe earthquake which took place at 1.02 pm 6/16/64, isolating it from the rest of Japan as railway lines buckled, and the runway of the airport partly disappeared, there is no water, electricity of sewerage remaining and thousands are homeless. Did you know... that the collapse of the Showa Bridge after the 1964 Niigata earthquake was a result of liquefaction rather than ground motion? Point in time. The Niigata earthquake occurred on the 14th of June 1964 and registered a moment magnitude of 7.6. One very characteristic thing about Niigata was that this was the first time that an earthquake titled or overturned many buildings. 9.5 Large settlements and differential settlements of the ground surface - Compaction of loose granular soil by EQ 3. Chile earthquake 1960 : An island near Valdivia- Mag. seismologists. Damage was defined as follows: Little or No Damage: angle of tilt between 0° and 1°, Small Damage: angle of tilt between 1° and 2.5°. Liquefaction occurs when there is a rapid increase in pore pressures which triggers a large decrease in effective stress. Soils and Foundation, 32(1), 173-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.173, Johansson, J. The resulting tsunami completely tore apart the west coast of the main island. This is an indication that the low N-values in Zone C may have been a factor of the heavy damage. The Niigata earthquake occurred on the 14thof June 1964 and registered 7.5 on the Richter scale. (2000, October 01). DAMAGE TO THE GROUND AND EARTH STRUCTURES BY THE NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE OF JUNE 16, 1964. What To Do. Case Studies of Liquefaction in the 1964 Niigata Earthquake Kenji Ishihara, Professor of Civil Engineering 1 Yasuyuki Koga, Chief Research Engineer 2 1 University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo. foundations of the Showa bridge to move laterally so much that the simply supported spans became This give us Figure 13 which for the most part agrees with the damage. 2 Soil Dynamics Section, Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, Tsukuba, Ibaraki. 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake Powerful magnitude 6.6 earthquake that occurred 10:13 local … The Niigata earthquake occurred on the 14th of June 1964 and registered a moment magnitude of 7.6. The Niigata earthquake has been extensively studied by Japanese seismologists, and in particular, by Keiiti Aki who introduced the concept of seismic moment, estimated its value for the Niigata … CASE STUDIES OF LIQUEFACTION IN THE 1964 NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE. The 1964 Niigata Japan Earthquake. steel tube A single row of piles 2.0 38 0.21 181 0.96 1.10 56.3 Yes, width of river decreased. severely (left). This earthquake hit Japan off the shore of the island of Awa-shima at a depth of 57 meters below the surface and at a magnitude of 7.5. The 1964 Niigata earthquake (Ms 7.5) occurred off the Japan Sea coast of Honshu, Japan, with a 4 m tsunami that caused significant damage. The epicenter was on the continental shelf off the northwest coast of Honshu , Japan in Niigata Prefecture , about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the city of Niigata . 1.2. These tests measure the soil’s ability to resist shear stresses when subjected to a cyclic loading such as an earthquake (geotechdata). Figure 9 above shows the distribution of angles of tilt. The authors analyze a progressive pile damage of the Showa-bridge caused by post-liquefaction phenomena during the 1964 Niigata earthquake. However, this site did not experience any liquefaction damage above the ground surface. earthquake also of 1964, brought There are two different classes of methods: techniques to strengthen structures and ground improvement techniques to prevent liquefaction. unseated and collapsed (below, SC). The earthquake caused liquefaction over large parts of the city. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://seismo.berkeley.edu/blog/2008/09/24/when-the-ground-gives-way.html, Geotech data (2019). Details of the earthquake and the bridge The Niigata Earthquake occurred on the 14th of June 1964 and registered a moment magnitude of 7.6. The methods are classified into two categories: ground treatments to prevent liquefaction, and measure that … Was this the same as your predictions? Now that we know all this, we can find the relationship between the Critical N value and the tilting of buildings. From Figure 11, it seems that after the earthquake the initially loose sand was compacted and the initially dense sand was loosened. Geoengineer.org uses third party cookies to improve our website and your experience when using it. Then the ground subsides and crater-like holes are left on the surface. Soils and Foundations, 6(2), 14-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1960.6.2_14, “ Scheme of the Differential Settlement of the Structure Due to the Foundation Soil Liquefaction.” Geotech, www.geotech.hr/en/soil-liquefaction/, Yamada, G. (1966). Describe the effect of earthquakes on mud and sand. Although this earthquake affected a large portion of Japan, the Niigata Prefecture had the largest infrastructure damage. Jun. 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