Nay Pyi Taw. Recently 16 engineering geologists became members of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society (SEAGS). 2017,a, b; Hla Htay et al. The results of these DGSE surveys were published in annual progress reports for 1974–76 (DGSE 1975, 1976) and several UNDP-DGSE reports (United Nations 1978a, b, 1979a, b, c, d, e, f). [19], The Cenozoic pull-apart basins along the Myanmar Central Belt (MCB) are filled-up with 15 km thick Late Cretaceous and Eocene to Late Miocene sediments. Gold mineralization in the MMB occurs as skarn-type or as orogenic gold-quartz veins in marbles, calc-silicates and gneisses (e.g. Dr Ba Thi, a chemistry graduate from the University of Rangoon before the war, returned from studies in petroleum chemistry overseas to join BGD in 1946. However, due to international sanctions and political isolation Myanmar geoscience has stagnated since 1988. This project had a great impact and, in 1968, produced the first batch of 15 graduate diplomas of the Gemmological Society of London (FGA Lond.). Sibumasu is thought to have lain on the northern margin of Gondwana, offshore Western Australia, until the Early Permian when it separated by rifting with the opening of the Mesotethys (Metcalfe 1996). 2017) and Cenozoic terrestrial sediments. 2001; Bertrand & Rangin 2003; Maurin & Rangin 2009; Maurin et al. It has taken some time for mining of the Monywa deposit to be developed successfully. Since 1952 when the MRDC was formed, the huge Monywa deposit has been explored by drilling and studied for resource assessment. [10] The Indo-Burman Range merged with Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis further north, submerged into the Andaman Sea, and resurfaced as Andaman Islands further south. Myanmar is located within the Monsoon Belt of Asia, the climate is influenced locally by geographical position and topography. The first account of the geological setting of the petroleum occurrences in the Yenangyat area was published by Thomas Oldham (1858), who noticed the relationship between anticlinal structures and petroleum accumulations. 1977), and Mount Popa area (Amos et al. Gradually a national geological organization was developed in Myanmar, similar to the Geological Survey of India and other national geological organizations throughout the world. 2016; references therein) resulted in the eastwards extrusion of continental blocks along major strike-slip transcurrent faults, together with the clockwise rotation of the whole of Southeast Asia. Mining and smelting of tin was carried out by local people in Myanmar long before the arrival of the British. 2 Mining Enterprise and by several private companies. divergent boundary The boundary separating two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. [16] The tectonic regimes transform from northwest-southeast extensional force to basin inversion and was followed by a major uplift event caused by east-west compression during Plio-Pleistocene period. ECAMS produced several interim and final reports (e.g. Dictionary of Geological Terms - Only $19.99 All scientific disciplines have an essential vocabulary that students and professionals must understand to learn and communicate effectively. Unpublished Report 36, Structure of Sumatra and its implications for the tectonic assembly of Southeast Asia and the destruction of Palaeotethys, The origin, movement and assembly of the pre-Tertiary tectonic units of Thailand, The pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Myanmar, Towards a Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic tectonic model for Thailand, Geological and Geochemical Reconnaissance of the Seikphudeng-Padatgyaung area of Central Burma. PSC operators should also be required to submit a CSR programme throughout the period of exploration and production. The antimony minerals in Myanmar are stibnite, senarmontite, valentinite, cervantite, kermesite and rarely native antimony. 2006), the tsunami was much less destructive than in Sumatra, Thailand and Sri Lanka, but life in low-lying coastal communities in Rakhine State and parts of Ayeyarwaddy and Tanintharyi regions suffered major disruption, with the loss of livelihoods due to the destruction of fishing boats and fishing nets. Earthquakes with scattered hypocentres occur in eastern Shan State near the borders with China, Laos and Thailand related to strike-slip movements in the central part of Southeast Asia, extending into China. Khin Zaw, Win Swe, A. J. Barber, M. J. Mandalay University College became the separate Mandalay University in 1958. Currently, hydrocarbon exploration is focused only on the Tertiary system; the pre-Tertiary systems are virtually untested (Lynn Myint 2015a). Tha Byu and Natsan). [7] Aside from the subduction system on the west and the strike-slip fault system in the central Myanmar, another major contribution may be the crustal flow from the Tibet Plateau. 2017). These effects depend on the magnitude of the earthquake, its depth, the amount of movement, the nature of the substrate (with the effects being less on solid rock and greatest on soft alluvial sediments) and on the density of the population in the affected area. A geophysical survey by Greenwood & Thomas (1973) located what later became known as the Lepadaung copper ore body at the Monya Mine, currently the largest exploited copper deposit in Southeast Asia. At that time, several geology graduates were selected for the university and other geological organizations in Myanmar, and were sent overseas for further studies in the various branches of geology. Khin Zaw 1978, 1984; Khin Zaw & Khin Myo Thet 1983; Goossens 1978). In 1975 a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on the Richter scale occurred near Bagan, the ancient capital of Myanmar. [15] The folding, thrusting and uplifting of the Shan Plateau is probably coeval with the transpressional deformation along the Myanmar Central Belt during the commencement of the India-Eurasia collision. Jobbins, Keeper of Minerals and Gemstones in the Geological Museum, South Kensington, London on secondment from the Institute of Geological Sciences. It will require a huge injection of funds for the up-skilling of the current work force and the training of the younger generation of geoscientists. [25] Guillaume & Rangin (2003) deduced approximately 100 km by constraining a continuous 20mm/yr right lateral strike slip since 4-5Ma. Sustainable growth and development is an essential requirement, not only for the extraction of the mineral and energy resources of Myanmar, but also for the protection and preservation of the country’s geoheritage with the establishment of wellregulated geoparks, geo-ecotourism and agritourism. In order to achieve sustainable development, all the PSC operators have to conduct Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessments related to petroleum operations, and submit specific environmental management plans before the start of work programmes. Curray et al. 2003). [31] On the eastern margin of the India plate, high oblique subduction occurs between the boundary of India and the Burma-micro plate.[32]. Several copper occurrences are known in Myanmar (Khin Zaw et al. It is estimated that 3 cm of the average 5 cm annual movement between the Indian Plate and Southeast Asia is taken up by strike-slip and thrust motions, distributed along numerous faults in the Indo-Myanmar Ranges of Myanmar. [44] The formations that compose the hydrocarbon basins are sedimentary rocks of Eocene through mid-Mioceneand sealed with interbedded Oligocene and Miocene shales and clays. Cai et al. [15], The India Plate departed from the Gondwanaland and headed northwards at a rate of 10 cm/yr during the Cretaceous Period. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The Geology of Burma (Myanmar): An Annotated Bibliography of Burma’s Geology, Geography and Earth Science. [2], The Indo-Burman Range is a sedimentary belt mainly consisted of Cenozoic flysch sediments[17] and a core of Mesozoic ophiolites dated back to late Jurassic overlain on a thick Mesozoic sequence. In the center-east of Myanmar, a right lateral strike slip fault extends from south to north across more than 1,000 km (620 mi). Burma Ruby Mines Ltd was established in 1887 by a British jeweller, Edwin Streeter, under exclusive license with the Indian Government. From here mountain ranges generally trend north–south, with the Patkai Range, the Naga Hills, the Chin Hills and the Rakhine Yoma to the west along the borders with India and Bangladesh. The majority of antimony deposits in Myanmar are formed as shallow, lowtemperature hydrothermal deposits filling fissures, joints, shear zones and selectively replacing rocks, showing preference for massive carbonates. (1972, 1976). Fortunately, the earthquake occurred in a sparsely populated area and only one person was killed; several ancient monuments were, however, damaged, in particular near the Ayeyarwaddy River, and three production rigs in the Chauk oilfield were toppled. 2008; Wang Yu et al. comm. The mountains prevent cold air from spreading further south, so that most of Myanmar lies under the influence of the NE and SW monsoons. 2. 2017). Eventually in 1963 the Myanmar Government purchased the shares of the British partners in BOC (1954) Ltd and renamed the company the People’s Oil Industry (POI). The MOC, now known as Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), was administered under the Ministry of Mines until 1976 when it was placed under the Ministry of Industry; a separate Ministry of Energy was later established. 1996) in a project named the Eastern Chin and Arakan Mineral Survey (ECAMS) under Technical Service Corporation (TSC), then Ministry of Industry No. Jade, utilized for its strength and durability, has been mined since antiquity. At Lebyin, the stibnite veins are hosted in greywacke, quartzite and shales of possible Carboniferous age and closely associated with Mesozoic granite intrusion; antimony may be accompanied by arsenic and gold. The Burma (Myanmar) Microplate is presently moving northwards at a rate of 18 mm a–1 relative to Southeast Asia along the Sagaing Fault (Maurin et al. [18], The core Mesozoic ophiolites consists of serpentinite peridotites, pillow basalts and red cherts etc. It is bounded to the west by India, Bangladesh, the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, and to the east by China, Laos and Thailand. Central Myanmar, Chindwin and Salin basins) and 4 offshore basins (e.g. Myanmar’s newly promulgated environmental law (2012) provides no details on environmental and social impact assessment or the participation of communities in the conservation of the environment. In addition several geologists are employed in the Engineering Geology Section of the Ministry of Electric Power No.1, which is developing hydroelectric power projects in Myanmar. A dissertation is defined as "an extended scholarly essay submitted for a degree" (OED). [22] Southward, it is connected to the active Andaman spreading rift. Myanmar spans across parts of three tectonic plates (the Indian Plate, Burma microplate and Shan Thai Block) separated by north-trending faults. Strict environmental guidelines need to be established and implemented for mineral and energy exploration and mining and processing to avoid pollution, acid mine drainage and cyanide, mercury and arsenic contamination. The earliest records contain information about mineral and petroleum occurrences in these two provinces of Myanmar, which were already being exploited by the inhabitants. Map showing petroliferous basins and petroleum and gas tenders for Production Sharing Contract (PSC) agreements in Mynmar (map courtesy of Lynn Myint 2016). Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy. The University of Rangoon (Yangon) was founded in 1920; shortly afterwards, in 1923, the Department of Geology and Geography was established with the appointment of Dr Laurence Dudley Stamp, who had worked previously as an oil geologist in Burma, as Professor and Head of the department. Ophiolitic rocks of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges, NE India: relicts of an inverted and tectonically imbricated hyper-extended continental margin basin? 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Chromite mineralization occurs as pods and disseminations in serpentinized dunite and peridotite. Ruby and sapphire have been the best-known Myanmar gems for their quality since the earliest times. Unpublished Final Report, Phase I (Oct. 1980-Sept. 1982). (1979) defined a Burma (Myanmar) Microplate, delimited to the west by the active Andaman subduction zone and a major strike-slip fault between the Indian Plate and Myanmar, and to the east by the north–south-aligned strike-slip Sagaing Fault. The POI gradually expanded its activities, and is now represented by the MOGE and the Energy Planning Department as well as other enterprises under the Ministry of Energy. [34], Myanmar hosts a variety of ore-deposits with economic significance and global recognition. [2] These tectonic zones are responsible for large earthquakes in the region. Hurukawa & Maung Maung (2011) relocated six historical earthquakes of Mw ≥ 7.0 which had occurred since 1918 along the Sagaing Fault. Ore was discovered at deeper levels and the company developed a successful modern mine at Bawdwin, with an ore dressing plant and smelter in the Namtu area. [10], The collision is at a maximum at the center of the Indo-Burman Range around 24°N, which is presented with a broad, high range (up to 20 km wide) and evolves to narrow, low hills in the south (16°N). PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Topographic Engineering Center ATTN: CEERD-TO-I 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 9. (2011) found Upper Jurassic radiolarian fossils from the Naga ophiolite, northwestern extension of Indo-Myanmar Ranges of Myanmar. After the war the mine was rehabilitated by the Burma Corporation (1951) Ltd. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a tectonic collision, Remote sensing and GIS studies of alteration and predictive mineral exploration in the Central Volcanic Arc, Myanmar, The Pre-Tertiary carbonate rocks exposed at the NE margin of the Central Myanmar Basin and their development history, Journal of the Myanmar Geosciences Society, Current tectonic activity along the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar, indicated by alluvial fans, The Eastern (Back-arc) Basin of Central Myanmar: Basement rocks, lithostratigraphic units, palaeocurrents, provenance and developmental history, Old Burma – As Described by Early Foreign Travellers, Cretaceous geology of Myanmar and Cenozoic geology in the Central Myanmar Basin, The occurrence of petroleum in Burma and its technical exploration, Mineralogic, geologic and genetic aspects of corundum deposits, Bawpadan-Chinthe Taung area, Mogok, Contributions to the 1964 Peking Symposium, A catalogue of Indian earthquakes from the earliest times to the end of 1869 A.D, Notes on the geological features of the banks of the Irrawaddy, and of the country to the north of Amarapoora, A narrative of the mission sent by the GovernorGeneral to the Court of Ava in 1855, A Manual of the Geology of India and Burma, Active and recent tectonics of the Burma Platelet in Myanmar, Tsunami heights and damage along the Myanmar coast from the December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, Oblique plate convergence in the Indo-Burma (Myanmar) subduction region, The Mogok Belt of Burma and its relationship to the Himalayan Orogeny, Proceedings of the 22nd International Geological Congress, Tectonic and thermal evolution of Thailand in the regional context of Southeast Asia, Tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the Mogok Metamorphic and Jade Mines belts and ophiolitic terranes of Burma (Myanmar), Myanmar and Asia united, Australia left behind long ago, Ion microprobe zircon U–Pb age and geochemistry of the Myanmar jadeitite dyke, Is the West Burma Block Gondwana or Cathaysia-derived? 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